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The most decisive metrics are x-height (the height of a lowercase 'x' relative to the cap height), stroke contrast (the ratio between thick and thin strokes), and axis alignment (how vertically or obliquely the thickest part of curved strokes is oriented). A high x-height makes body text feel larger and more legible at small sizes—Helvetica's high x-height is why it remains readable at 8 px. Stroke contrast distinguishes humanist sans-serifs (moderate contrast, e.g. Gill Sans) from geometric ones (near-zero contrast, e.g. Futura).

Test them at your exact intended use case: body copy at 16 px and 1.5 line-height, or a heading at 48 px. Look for ambiguous letterforms—whether the lowercase 'l', '1', and 'I' are visually distinct, and whether 'rn' reads as 'm' at small sizes. Also compare how each font handles special characters common in your content (punctuation, numbers, diacritics). Finally, check the font's hinting quality on Windows by previewing in Chrome on Windows if possible, since hinting instructions vary significantly between foundries.

A type superfamily is a collection of related typefaces designed to work harmoniously together, sharing underlying proportions and design DNA while differing in classification (e.g. one serif and one sans-serif branch). Google Fonts includes several superfamilies: Source Serif Pro and Source Sans Pro (both by Paul D. Hunt at Adobe), IBM Plex Serif and IBM Plex Sans, and PT Serif and PT Sans. Using fonts from the same superfamily is a low-risk pairing strategy because the designer has already ensured metric compatibility.

Yes, primarily through Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) and Largest Contentful Paint (LCP). CLS spikes when a web font loads and causes text to reflow, shifting surrounding elements—this is the 'flash of unstyled text' (FOUT) problem. Adding font-display: swap in @font-face declarations and preloading critical font files with <link rel='preload'> reduces both CLS and LCP. Google Fonts automatically adds font-display: swap when you add the display=swap query parameter to the fonts.googleapis.com URL.

Load the minimum set your design actually uses. A typical site can cover 90 % of typographic needs with two weights of one family (400 regular + 700 bold) and possibly an italic variant. Each additional style file costs latency on the critical path. Variable fonts collapse multiple weights into one file and are preferable when you need three or more weights of the same family; a variable font with wght range 100–900 is usually smaller than three or four static weight files combined.